Benefits of Effective Human Resource Management Essay

Benefits of Effective Human Resource Management - Essay Example Zakaria, Zainal and Nasurdin define human resource management as â€Å"a philosophy, policy, system and practices that can affect the behavior, attitudes and performance of employees† (2011, p.77). Durkovic (2009) acknowledges the importance of human resource management noting that organizational success significantly depends on the manner in which human potentials are managed. This implies that managers of human resources have to be equipped with the necessary skills in order to produce the best from the employees despite the challenges involved in managing people. The concept of human resource management Human resource management has undergone significant change in theory, practice and research over the previous decades. The pressure from both the internal and external environments has caused HRM to deviate from its administrative tasks as personnel management to adopting its new role as a root of sustainable competitive advantage in organizations (Durkovic, 2009). Previousl y, the functions of HRM as a key driver of success in an organization were ignored. However, in the modern economic environment, its potential role in enhancing the performance of organizations has been appreciated with its practice improving performance through customer and employee satisfaction, productivity, innovation and developing good reputation in an organization’s community. ... Through scientific selection process, it supplies an organization with skilled workers. Similarly, human resource management prepares workers so that they fit within the changing environment through training and development. It encourages experimentation and innovation so that costs would be reduced and productivity increased. This shows that human resource management plays a key role in an organization and should therefore not be undermined. It relates to all organizational activities including production, marketing and finance among others. Jackson, Schuler and Werner (2012) further observe the importance of human resource management in satisfying various stakeholders in an organization including investors, owners, employees, other organizations and the society at large. The concern in this would be in people as resources and not as factors of production. It encompasses the cycle starting from recruitment to selection, hiring and training so as to develop human assets. Required ski lls Effective human resource management requires one to possess the required skills for appropriate management to ensure that organizational objectives are achieved. The basic skills cited by Jackson, Schuler and Werner (2012) include listening, presentation, communication and leadership skills. Negotiation skills would also be critical in ensuring that these managers recruit the best skills in the market at competitive rates. Due to group dynamics in an organization, human resource management calls for skills in group problem solving so as to ensure harmony among the employees. This would be coupled with the demand for team building skills to ensure that the organization works as a team towards a

Microeconomic theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Microeconomic theory - Essay Example The diagram above shows that different levels of goods x and y that would yield the same level of utility for the consumers. Just like the demand curve these curves can be shifted rightward or leftward depending on the changes of consumer’s tastes, willingness and other factors. The shift in the curve towards right would mean that the same combination of goods will now yield consumers more utility than what it was yielding before. Similarly, a leftward shift would mean that the same combination of good would yield less utility to consumer than before. There may be a number of reasons for this. The obvious reasons can be income effect, substitution effect or changes in consumers tasted. In the real world things are more complex than first thought. Consumers cannot buy any combination they like. In fact they are faced with budget constraints depending on their income. The real income is what consumers are actually earning and that is what is included in their purchasing analysis . Real income is derived when the income of consumers is adjusted against inflation. The budget constraints of a consumer are reflected by a budget line. This is drawn on the indifference map. The best combination for consumers is the place when budget line is tangent to the indifference map. In other words, the combination of goods where budget line is tangent to the indifference map is the place where the consumer is yielding the maximum utility. At this place marginal utility of both goods are equal and can be represented by the equation: MUx = MUy In the diagram below, it can be seen that the ideal combination or the maximizing utility combination of goods X and Y what the consumer should purchase given his real income is Qx and Qy. This would yield him maximum utility. 3) The income and substitution effect are important concepts explaining the changes in demand. Income affect occurs when the price of a good rises. Since your income is not rising in response to an increase in pr ice of that good, the consumer feels poorer than before. Since the consumer feels poorer, he buys less of that good in order to compensate for the unexpected increase in price that has not synchronized with the income of the consumer. Similarly, when the price of a good falls, the consumer feels richer than before and his ability to buy more has increase and therefore he buys more of a good. This phenomenon is known as income effect. Similarly, when the changes in prices lead you to shift from one good to the cheaper good, it is known as the substitution effect. For example, if there is restaurant that is selling burgers and pizza. If there is a increase in price of pizza, you are more likely to buy more burgers and eat pizza less often than before. If the price of pizza falls, you shift from consuming burgers, to eat pizza more often. This phenomenon is known as substitution effect. However, there are certain goods that follow the opposite income and substitution effects. These are classified as giffen goods. When the prices of designer handbags rise, there are more people in queue to buy them from the richer segments of the society. The reason behind this is that people consider these expensive goods of higher quality and shift from cheaper goods to these goods.

The Passion of the Christ Essay Example for Free

The Passion of the Christ Essay On February 25th (Ash Wednesday) 2004, Mel Gibson’s The Passion of the Christ film was released. The film is based on Jesus’ arrest, trial, and execution according to the four Gospels. Most of the film is historically accurate, although there are some fictional events too. The film became the highest grossing non-English language film of all time and it was named the most controversial film of all time. Critics claimed the film was historically inaccurate due to the way the film portrayed Pontius Pilate, along with the use of excessive violence, anti-Semitic content, and the use of additional material. One of the most important historical inaccuracies is the way the film portrays the Roman governor, Pontius Pilate. According to author B. A. Robinson, â€Å"Pontius Pilate is consistently portrayed as a weak-willed governor, frightened of the power of the Jewish priests, and lacking in confidence. † After viewing the film, one would feel that Pilate was essentially morally neutral in the events of Jesus’ execution after stating Jesus is innocent of any crime but due to the pressure of the mob demanding execution, Pilate yields to it (Oxtoby Amore 172). According to authors Oxtoby and Amore, the crime Jesus was being accused of perverting the people and claiming to be the king of the Jews (168). â€Å"In reality, Pilate was harsh and vicious in his treatment of Jews and had thousands of them crucified (Robinson). † Several critics were troubled by the film’s explicitly detailed violence and further criticized the film for focusing on the brutality of Jesus’ execution, instead of his religious teachings. A number of the scenes which do not appear in the Bible but which seem to be fictional creations added to â€Å"flesh† out the movie and extend the film to a feature length include: the scene when Jesus is repeatedly beaten by the Temple guard after his arrest in the Garden of Gethsemane for no apparent reason, when Judas is emotionally distraught over his prior betrayal to Jesus and is tormented by Jewish children whose faces morph into demons, when the crucified thief who taunted Jesus has his eye pecked out by a crow, and the scene of Satan carrying a demonic baby during Jesus’ flogging (Robinson). Film critic Roger Ebert said in his review, The movie is 126 minutes long, and I would guess that at least 100 of those minutes, maybe more, are concerned specifically and graphically with the details of the torture and death of Jesus; further stating that this was the most violent film he had ever seen (Sanburn). Film critic A. O. Scott stated in his review, â€Å"The Passion of the Christ is so relentlessly focused on the savagery of Jesus’ final hours that this film seems to arise less from love than from wrath, and to succeed more in assaulting the spirit than in uplifting it. † Before the film was even released, there were prominent criticisms of perceived anti-Semitic content in the movie. After representatives of the Anti-Defamation League attended a private screening of a pre-release version of The Passion of the Christ, they released a statement calling it one of the most troublesome texts, relative to anti-Semitic potential, that any of us had seen in twenty-five years. It must be emphasized that the main storyline presented Jesus as having been relentlessly pursued by an evil cabal of Jews, headed by the high priest Caiaphas, who finally blackmailed a weak-kneed Pilate into putting Jesus to death. This is precisely the storyline that fueled centuries of anti-Semitism within Christian societies (Robinson). A key event in the Bible that is missing in the film is the canonical line from John’s gospel in which Caiaphas argues that it is better for one man to die for the people so that the nation be saved; had this line been included in the film, perhaps giving Caiaphas a measure of the inner conflict he gave to Pilate, it could have underscored the similarities between Caiaphas and Pilate and helped defuse the issue of anti-Semitism (Robinson). Although Mel Gibson claimed to have based the film entirely from the Biblical Gospels, there are many elements that came from the book called The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ by Anne Catherine Emmerich; The book contained her visions of the sufferings of Christ and are criticized for revealing more information about the Life of Jesus Christ besides what is read of Him in the Bible (Facing the Challenge). This poses a problem because it sets up another authority alongside the Bible. Ultimately, despite the questions over the historical accuracy of some aspects of the film, it did remain broadly faithful to the Bible’s narrative and it was clear in portraying the central realities of the Christian faith. The United Methodist Church stated that many of its members, like other Christians, felt that the movie was a good way to evangelize non-believers. As a result, many congregations set up tables at the theaters to provide answers and prayers to viewers.

Front Office Department Yield Management

Front Office Department Yield Management Chapter 1 Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to give an overview of the Front Office department and the yield management. The term Front Office was introduced in the US, but now used in worldwide. Front Office is divided into sub-departments namely reception, concierge, switchboard, bellboys, reservations and guest relations. Nevertheless, as hotels vary in size and type, some of these sub-departments may not be present. Despite the size or the type of the establishment, the department is in many ways the nerves of the hotel. One reason for this is that the sale of rooms generates more than 50 per cent of revenue and profit of a hotel, thus it is compulsory that Front Office department maximize its sales. For instance it might be through the switchboard, in the process of making reservation over the telephone, by entering the hotel to check-in or to make an inquiry. It clearly depicts that Front Office is a strong marketing tool that generates business for a hotel through guests registration. It i s the center for guest activity. Front Office is in fact a hotel department where guests check-in, request information about services that the hotel provides and at the end of their stay they settle their bills and check-out. The Front Office as well generates profit or revenue indirectly, for other departments such as restaurant bookings and up-selling of the hotel in general. Normally, up-selling is done by the team members to increase profit by offering other services to the guests. When guests inquire about those services then it is an opportunity for the staffs to persuade them to purchase these facilities. It is important that the department sets goals and objectives to be able to manage and control yield management so as to maximize sales revenue. The Front Office should however have its own mission statement for a successful management system. Aim: Planning and evaluating Front Office yield management for a better revenue management and for the success of the department Objectives: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Proposing a solution for an effective communication and how to eliminate all barriers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Understanding the purpose of yield management and how to plan, manage and organize in the Front Office department à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Investigating the link between Front Office Operations and yield management: how it contributes in the department à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Implementing yield management in Front Office department à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Making Front Office department successful in controlling and calculating revenue obtaining from up-selling Problem Statement: There is an increase in communication barriers interdepartmentally concerning sales revenue. Messages are not passed accordingly to right person, to the right place and at the right time. It is noticed that employees are not convince to do up-selling owing to lack of training facilities and procedures. Thus, expectations are not met which results to a low revenue. The fact that there is misunderstanding, conflicts may arise among staffs and supervisors to make decision on how to increase sales. The time scale does not allow the employees to properly plan, organise and implement their task if managers do not set objectives and guidelines. Finally, owing to a miscalculation or a decrease in revenue and sales, it minimizes the profits. In general, team members do not take their planning of task into consideration thus result to ineffective, inefficiently and less productive. Updated information is not usually circulated. Thus, outdated data is given to guests concerning the selling price of the products and services at the hotel. If there has been carelessness, guests get compensation, for instance a dinner free of charge on the beach. In somehow, reducing the revenue and sales. Chapter 2 Front Office department Front Office department is one of the departments within the rooms division. It is the heart center of the hotel and is the most revenue generating. Front Office is a noticeable department in a hotel with the greatest amount of guest contact and highly people orientated. It is designed as the first lasting impression. The front office functions can be divided into six general areas: 1. Reception 2. Guest Relations 3. Bell service 4. Mail and information / Reservation 5. Concierge 6. Cashiers and night auditors Front Office Structure A hotels size and objectives determine the organizational structure of the Front Office. (Abbott,P. and Lewry, S. 1993) A table of Front Office structures is shown below. [Drawing]Front Office Manager [Drawing] Assistant Front Office Manager [Drawing][Drawing][Drawing][Drawing][Drawing][Drawing][Drawing][Text Wrapping Break] [Text Box][Text Box] [Drawing]Reservation Manager [Drawing][Text Box] [Drawing][Drawing][Drawing][Drawing] [Text Box][Text Box][Text Box][Text Box][Text Box] [Drawing] [Text Box] Planning and evaluating operations There are seven management functions that have to be considered when planning and evaluating operations. These points are as follows: 1.Planning 2.Organising 3.Coordinating 4.Staffing 5.Leading 6.Controlling 7.Evaluating Planning Planning is an essential function in the success of different office operations. It is a procedure of setting objectives, developing plans and outlining tasks and schedules to accomplish the goals targeted. An effective strategic planning is done for the contribution of a successful operation and to maintain higher or constant revenue in the Front Office operation. At the stage of planning, the Front Office manager determines the departments goals and objectives. Therefore, the Front Office manager uses these goals as a guide for planning most specific and measurable objectives. Finally, through these goals, the front office manager determines the strategies and procedures to reach these objectives. These aims will thus discuss to the Front Office staffs so as to plan and organise their task efficiently for the success of the department. Organising After setting the objectives, the Front Office manager organised the work to be done through dividing it among Front Office staffs. When organising the tasks, the work is distributed properly and is to be completed in a given period of time. Coordinating Coordination and team spirit are vital. It involves togetherness and using the available resources to attain planned goals. Staffing The right persons and experienced ones are recruited. It is important to introduce training to the employees for a better success of the department. Leading Leading involves supervising, motivating, training, disciplining and setting an example for the Front Office department. Leading is important to maintain the effectiveness of the tasks. Controlling Through controlling, it ensures that the concrete outcomes of operations closely match the plan results. Leading and controlling of task are mostly the duties of the supervisors. Evaluating Through evaluating, it determines the extent to which planed goals and objectives are actually attained. Furthermore, it involves appraising and when necessary reviewing or helping to revise Front Office goals. Moreover, to maintain the successful of the department, every task are planned in advance. The room allocations for arrival of guests are well planned. Before the arrival of guests, the registration card which is a legal form is prepared on the eve of the day as well as concerning the hotel information sheets. The cold towels and the cocktail juice are also prepared in the evening for the arrival of guests on the following day. The departure and arrival check list are prepared one day before. If there are any group arrivals, a planning is done on how to do the check-in. A daily event record is prepared every evening by the Guest Relation Officers; showing all detailed information about arrivals and departures of guests including total guests- in- house. A daily event report is shown in the annex. If there is any early arrival, then, the housekeeping department has to be advised to prepare the room earlier. Establishing room rates The Front Office manager allocates to each room category a rack rate. In fact, the Front Liners are expected to sell rooms at rate unless a guest qualifies for an alternative room rate for example airline rate, commercial rate, group rate, day rate, package plan rate, complimentary rate, cooperate rate, promotional rate, incentive rate or family rate. While establishing room rates management has to consider its operating cost, inflationary factors and competitions. In general, there are three well-known approaches to pricing room: 1)Market condition approach 2)Ruled-of-thumb approach 3)Hubbart formula approach Market condition approach Under this approach management look at comparable hotels in the geographical market to verify the prices charging for the same products. Thus, charge only what the market will accept. In contrary, this approach is endangered to some drawbacks as it does not take into account the value of the property and the strong sales effort to accomplish. Ruled-of-thumb approach In this approach, the rate of a room is à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1 for each à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1000 of construction and furnishing cost per room, assuming a 70% occupancy rate. However, this approach does not consider the inflation term, the contribution of other facilities and services towards the hotels desired profitability. The Front Office manager must stay in contact with the General Manager and controller to monitor room rate effectiveness. Hubbart formula approach This approach considers operating costs, desired profits and expected number of rooms sold, that is, demand. Generally, this approach lays emphasis on the factors such as operating expenses, desired Return on Investment (ROI) and income from different departments in the hotel; to establish room rates. This method relies on the Front Office to produce income to cover operating expenses, overhead and ROI for the hotel operation. According to Hubbart formula approach, the procedure of calculating a room rate is shown below: i.Measuring the hotels anticipated profit by multiplying the desired rate of return (ROI) by the holders investment. ii.Measuring pre-tax profits by dividing the anticipated profit by 1 minus hotels tax rate. iii.Measuring fixed charges and management fees. This calculation includes estimating depreciation, interest expense, property taxes, insurances, amortization, building mortgage, land, rent and management fees. iv.Measuring undistributed operating expenses. This includes estimating administrative and general expenses and energy costs. v.Assessing non-room operating department income or loss, that is, Food and Beverages department income or loss, telephone department income or loss. vi.Measuring the required room department income which is the sum of pre-tax profits, operating department losses less other department incomes. vii.Determining the room department revenue which is the required room department income, plus other room department direct expenses of payroll and related expenses. viii.Measuring the average room rate by dividing rooms department revenue by the expected number of rooms to be sold. These methods are guidelines only. Room rates must frequently monitored with regard to market conditions of demand and supply. Furthermore, some more formulae are depicted below: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Doubles sold daily = double occupancy rate x total number of rooms x occupancy% à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Singles sold daily = rooms sold daily number of double rooms sold daily à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Singles sold daily x X + doubles sold daily x (X + Y) = (average room rate) x (total number of rooms sold daily) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Whereby: X = price of singles; Y = price differential between singles and doubles; X+Y = price of doubles. Forecasting Room Availability: Forecasting room availability is to predict the number of rooms available for sale on forthcoming date. The kind of forecasting helps to manage the reservation process, guides the Front Liners for an effective rooms management and is used as occupancy forecast. Therefore, it is useful in attempting and to roster the essential number of staffs for a planned size of a department. In order to predict room availability, the following information is needed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Number of expected room arrivals/ check-ins à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Number of expected room no-shows à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Number of expected room walk-ins à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Number of expected room stayovers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Number of expected room overstays à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Number of expected room check-outs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Number of expected room understays The above mentioned information helps the Front Liners to conduct various daily operational ratios. The formulae to calculate No-show percentage, Walk-ins percentage, Overstays percentage and Understays percentage are as follows: i.No-shows percentage = (Number of no-show rooms) divided by (Number of rooms reserved) ii.Walk-ins percentage = (Number of walk-in rooms) divided by (Sum of the number of rooms arrivals) iii.Overstays percentage = (Number of overstay rooms) divided by (Number of expected check-outs) iv.Understays percentage = (Number of understay rooms) divided by (Number of expected check-outs) The predicted number of rooms available for sale for upcoming date can be likely successful by using the formula shown below: Forecasted number of rooms available for sale = Total number of guests rooms -Number of out of order rooms Number of stayovers rooms Number of reserved rooms + Number of no-show rooms + Number of understay rooms Number of overstay rooms Under non-automated and semi-automated systems, total of rooms available for sale forecasts are measured upon demands and needs which vary from three-day to ten-day forecasts. Nevertheless, under fully automated systems, forecasts are done at any instant for imminent period of time. For instance, on opera system, room forecasts are already registered and considered, thus eliminating monotonous labour work and human error margins. Budgeting for Operations Hotels have to prepare annual budgets, which are profit plans that address all revenue sources and expense items for the next calendar year. Furthermore, the hotel annual operating budget represents against which management can evaluate actual outcomes of operations. In the twelve-monthly budget preparation process, close coordination efforts of all management personnel are essential. The annual operation of a hotel budget is generally divided into monthly plans which in turn divided into weekly and even daily plans for a better control over the current consequences. In addition, while preparing the Front Office department annual budget, the Front Office manager has to coordinate with the financial department to estimate only rooms revenue and related direct expenses. The hotel controller and the General Manager, therefore, have to revise this budget. Forecasting room revenue In order to predict room revenue, the Front Office manager considers the historical financial data such as past room revenue, past number of rooms sold, past average daily rate and past occupancy rates. Thus, compare and contrast for a better decision making. Forecasting direct expenses Owing to the fact that the Front Office manager is responsible only for his or her department direct expenses, that is, variable costs; the Front Office manager consult past financial data showing variable costs to room revenue ratios, in order to estimate department expenses. Refining budget plans If ever the external strong factors change considerably, in an unpredicted way, then the actual operating budgeted figures have to be revised. Evaluating Front Office Operations A successful Front Office manager has to continuously evaluate the outcomes of the department activities on a daily, monthly, quarterly and yearly basis. While evaluating, the following items and tools have to be considered: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Daily operations report; for example Room move report à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Occupancy ratios à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Rooms revenue analysis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Hotel income statement; for example Early breakfast sale à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Rooms division income statement or schedule; for example up-selling of rooms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Rooms division budgets report à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Operating ratios and ratios standards Daily operations report This report is also known as the managers report, the daily report and the daily revenue report. It encloses a summary of the hotels financial activities during a 24 hour period. In addition, it assists as to reconcile cash, bank accounts and revenue and accounts receivable. Occupancy ratios Occupancy ratios measure the enhancement of the Front Office in selling the hotels guestrooms. Some common ratios that are used in the Front Office department are depicted below: i.Occupancy percentage = (Number of rooms occupied) divided by (Total number of rooms available for sale) ii.Multiple occupancy percentage = (Number of rooms occupied by more than one guest) divided by (Total number of rooms occupied) iii.Average guests per rooms sold = (Total number of guests) divided by (Total number of rooms sold) iv.Average daily rate = (Total rooms revenue) divided by (Total number of rooms sold) v.Average rate per guest = (Total rooms revenue) divided by (Total number of guests) Room revenue analysis One prime report to succeed control over room revenue is the room rate variance report, that is those rooms that have been sold at rates other than their rack rates, for instance, airline rate, corporate or commercial rates and so on Another form is the yield statistics, which is the ratio of the current revenue to the sum of the possible potential revenue if all rooms are sold at rack rates. Formula of Yield statistic is shown below: Yield statistic = (Actual room revenue) divided by (Potential room revenue) Hotel income statement This statement provides vital financial data about the outcomes of hotel operations for a given period of time. Room division income statement The room division income statement also known as a schedule has to be referenced on the hotels income statement. Furthermore, the room division schedule has to be prepared by the hotels financial division not by the hotels Front Office accounting agent, that is, the Night Auditors. Room division budget reports These reports are monthly budget form comparing to current revenue and expenses figures against budgeted amounts depicted both in Euro values and percentage variances. Operating ratios Operating ratios for instance occupancy ratios, yield statisticsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ assist managers in evaluating the success of the Front Office operations. In addition, for the ratios to be meaningful they should be compared against proper standards such as prior periods, competitors or budgeted ratios. Front Office Operations A need for communication exists to communicate with other managers and staffs working other shifts. The reservation area is the sales department of the Front Office, thus a revenue center for the department in the sense that reservations determine on occupancy levels. The Front desk staffs must compulsory alert the guests when their credit limit is exceeding. Lastly, the Front Office staff should take the check-out as an opportunity to offer the guest supplementary services; for example, proposing the guest to book a room in the hotel for the future. (Vallen, J.J. 1985) Night audit, reception and Guest Relation are an essential element of Front Office department and claimed to be revenue generating department. The Guest Relation Officers have to convince the guests to accept upgrades. (Jones, C and Paul, V. 1993). There has to be a control process system to monitor the performance objectives targeted. Furthermore, the Front Office controls its cash or revenue sales. Interdepartmental Communication The Front Office staffs cooperate with all departments of the hotel including marketing and sales, housekeeping, food and beverage, banquet, controller, maintenance, security and human resources. Each department has a different kind of communication with the Front liners. These departments view the Front Office as a communication connection in providing guest services. The Front Office is a clearinghouse for communication activities. Marketing and Sales department The marketing and sales department depends on the Front Office to provide data on guest histories or concerning guests prior visit. The guest history is a valuable resource for marketing and sales as it uses the guest registration information to target marketing campaigns, develop promotions, prepare mailing labels and select appropriate advertising media. Housekeeping department Communications between the Front Office and the Housekeeping department is vital as it revolves around room status. Team members of the Housekeeping department provide a room status report to the Front Office department. Thus, follow-up can be done easily through this report. Food and Beverage department There are handovers which are used to communicate a charge to a guests account. It is essential that the Food and Beverage department communicates with the Front Office department to know the meal plan of the guests. This is to charge the guests accordingly prior to their meal plan they paid for. Through interdepartmental communication, information is spread out to all the departments so as to communicate effectively for an enhancement situation of the hotel and to increase revenue. It is also essential for a better planning of work. Intradepartmental communication Communication within the department is essential for a better planning of work. After planning the goals and objectives for the success of the Front Office operation, it is important that all the Front Liners work together and communicate effectively to deliver a proper task. Through effective communication, the Front Liners may achieve their aims and increase their revenue in the operations. The team spirits and understanding are the prime factors to be considered for the enhancement of the Front Office department. There has to be an interaction between the Front Office manager, the supervisors and the Front Liners so as to determine the root of the problem and therefore find solutions to remedy the situations. Interdepartmental exchange of information is crucial to attain goals and objectives. Barriers resulting to a decrease in sales revenue Decrease in sales revenue leads to unsuccessful operations of the hotel. There is lack of co-operation between departments which results to barriers of communication. A decrease in arrival of tourists results to a negative outcome concerning a raise in revenue. That is, a low demand leads to low revenue for instance, a decrease in room sales, products and services revenue. The problem root comes primarily from the reservation department. There may be barriers in departments such as Financial department, Food and Beverage department and housekeeping department relating to sales. For instance, if a guest has an Half Board voucher and that on the opera system it is All-inclusive it creates confusion to the departments concerned. The All-inclusive minibar and that of the Half Board is completely different. If the Housekeeping, Food and Beverage and Financial departments are not advised or change the guests meal plan on the system by the Front Liners, may create loss in revenue. Lack of t raining procedures concerning up-selling will not increase sales revenue. The lack of skills does not convince the employees to make upselling. There may as well conflicts in different tariffs charged to guests for example; a Front Liner may charge a guest Rs 200 instead of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬200 resulting to a huge decrease in sales revenue. Ways to remedy the barriers relating to a decrease in sales revenue Through effective communication, there may be an increase in sales revenue and a successful department. It is important to maximize rates when demand is high but if demand is low, special promotional package has to offer to guests to increase the demand. The Front Office manager has to well-trained the Front Liners to understand the meaning of yield management and how to increase sales or ensure sales revenue. The Front Office management has to set objectives to increase sales revenue and thus discuss with various departments of the hotel. Through these strategies, there is co-operation among the departments for successful revenue generated. Front Liners have to communicate effectively and efficiently to departments such as Food and Beverage, Financial and Housekeeping concerning the guests meal plan. Training allows team members to be successful in delivering good sales techniques. It is vital that each department provides training facilities and procedures to the employees so as to learn the methods to increase the sales revenue. The employees should be product knowledgeable; thus promote more profits and the staffs have to attentive when taking payment from guests. Questions have to be asked properly concerning the booking for accommodation and meal plan when guest reserved a room. It is important to keep a record concerning the financial transactions so as the Financial department may evaluate the ways to remedy the barriers relating to a decrease in sales revenue. Its not always easy and often takes a lot of determination. But making an effort to remove the obstacles tangible and intangible that stand in our way, can be the key to building relationship that really works by Eric Garner Yield Management Yield Management is a demand forecasting technique used to maximize room revenue that the hotel industry borrowed from the airlines. It is based on the economics of supply and demand, which means that price rise when demand is strong and drop when demand is weak. Thus, the purpose of yield management is to increase profitability. Yield management allocates the right type of aptitude to the right customer at the right price so as to maximize revenue or yield per available room. (Kimes, S.E, 1989) Yield management will monitor reservations and based on previous trends. Existing demand determines the number and type of rooms to sell at what price to obtain the maximum revenue. The yield management program will monitor the demand and supply and recommend the number and type of rooms to sell for a given day including the price for which to sell each room. Planning sales revenue The Front Office plays a vital role in promoting sales and the Front Office manager has to develop and implement a plan to the utmost to increase sales opportunities to the Front Office agents. This plan focus on areas of promotions, developing objectives and procedures, incentive programs, training program for staffs, budgets and tracking systems for employee feedback and profitability. Moreover, planning yield management includes setting up objectives, evaluating alternatives, drawing up budgets and developing an evaluation tool for feedback. The plan has to be discussed with the General Manager, department managers and Front Liners from different department to attain goals and objectives. The team members have to ensure that the profitable plan is accordingly developed. According to Narula, (Feb 1987), some goals were provided to the Front Office employees to increase sales. The following are depicted below à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Sell rooms to the guests who have not make prior reservations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Upgrade is to be made to the guests so as to boost the customers to purchase higher priced product or service; to those guests having former reservations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Maintain the record of the rooms. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Convey information about the product facilities available in the premises for sale, for instance, Food and Beverage and other facilities. The objective of the Font Office employees is to sell all facilities and benefits available at the hotel. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ensure that the maximum revenue is generated from the sale of rooms by prominent a stability between overbooking and a full house. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Achieve guest feedback Planning can only be started if there an increase of communication between Front Liners and Marketing and Sales department. It is essential to formulate an effective marketing strategy when there is a change in the market conditions. The eventual goal of a sales-oriented Front Office is to increase revenue from room sales, Food and Beverage sales and sales in various departments. The Front Office and other departments of the hotel have to plan on how much to increase revenue to accomplish the objectives set. Before decision making, several questions have to ask for a better planning of revenue management. Each moment new objectives has to plan for future months to generate revenue. When developing and implementing a program to increase sales activities, the Front Office manager along with other department managers and employees, have to identify products and services to promote. A list of services and products to be promoted is shown in the annex. Evaluating sales Yield management in Front Office Operations The Front Office team members have to determine which concepts to produce in order to increase sales re

Huck Finn And Racism Essay -- essays research papers

In the book, Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, the main character Huck, is able to look past conformist and the effects of his environment. Huck was born into a society that was supposed to hate black people. Huck was able to see good in a ‘nigger’ , and further a healthy relationship with his slave, Jim. Huck is a very strong and smart person, although he isn’t learned, and can act ignorant from time to time. Mark Twain, many times makes Huck look like a non-admirable person, when Twain does this it degrades him and Huck. Twain did this because he was afraid of the social critics in his day. Huck was a good person despite what the ending of the book may have appeared him to be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Huck is a walking contradiction to the belief of environmentalism. The definition for an environmentalist taken from Oxford states: “A person who considers that environment has the primary influence on the development if a person or group,';. Huck was taught that blacks were lower then whites, and should not be treated as equals, so according to this belief he should have hated blacks, but he didn’t. Huck was too smart and open minded for the belief of white supremacy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Huck has had positive interactions with blacks, and has taken a liking to the slave Jim, who he helped to free, to go with him on his wild adventure. Huck never had very much schooling. This is one of the reasons he is so smar...

Essay --

Morocco Marketing Organizations The Moroccan National Tourist Office, abbreviated as MNTO, is the primary tourism and marketing organization for the country. Their mission statement aims to ensure strength for Morocco as a tourist destination, therefore translating the positive results for the economy and society and preservation of their culture. They also state that they want to entertain internal tourists as well as foreign tourists visiting Morocco and by doing so enticing them to visit for longer periods of time and visit several destinations. Their website is visitmorocoo.com and their local office is in Dusselforf, Morocco (Morocco National Tourist Office). The tourist office is also a part of ANTOR, http://www.antor.com/ which is the principal lobbying organization for tourist offices around the world. ANTOR is a place that brings all the tourism information together into one, being a very important place to be a member of for destinations such as Morocco due to the competition it faces (ANTOR). T here is also a Ministry of Tourism for Morocco, and can be found online at www.tourisme.gov.ma. The page is in French but can be translated to English using Google Chrome or another internet browser. This website is not really for tourists themselves; instead it focuses more on how tourism can be sustainable in Morocco and goes into depth about things such as Vision 2020, job opportunities involving tourism, tourism figures, and tourism partnerships and seminars (Morocco Ministry of Tourism). The MNTO’s website is set up in attempt to get people to use their â€Å"My Morocco† function. This is a system that tourists interested in possibly visiting Morocco can use to see more of what the country has to offer. Users create... ... recommended to dress conservative when in rural areas with areas of the body from the knee to the elbows all covered. As long as these areas are covered, the locals openly invite other cultures and languages. Environmental Sustainability Since a large pull factor for tourist to Morocco is the great diversity of Nature the location has, environmental sustainability is crucial to tourism sustainability. The people and cities of Morocco treat their surroundings with care. The city of Ifran in Morocco landed at #2 in â€Å"The 12 Cleanest Cities in the World†, a ranking recently published by International Headline website MBC Times. A big reason for this is that there is no industry in this city, making the air quality superior to others. National Parks are very popular in the area, having many lakes, streams, waterfalls, and a large maple tree forest (MBC Times).

Police Use of Force Essay

Police use of force is a tool that is taught to every Officer to help diffuses a situation, it is not meant to do harm, but to ensure the safety of the Officer and the people that are involved in the situation. In some rare cases there are Officers that abuse their power and with the use of excessive use of force on individuals is an issue, Officers not thinking of what the effects it has on the victim, the alleged perpetrator or the community that it occurs in. The ethical or unethical use of force is determined by the community, society, and often a judge and jury. Today’s society there are often electrical devices that capture uses of force which are often used against Law Enforcement, these devices often capture a use of force that had gone bad like in the Rodney King case for example . The Misuse of authority like in the case against Chief Charlie Beck in the Los Angeles Police Department the outcome and concerns with a case like this. The cause and effects of Police use of force in our society and the ethical and unethical outcomes it has. Police Use of Force Use of force is the â€Å"amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling subject.† (National Institute of Justice) Police are given this special tool to help enforce their safety and the safety of others when in a dangerous situation, they are taught this through education and training that is kept up yearly to ensure they are the best they can be at all times. The ways that an officer can use force is verbally, physical-restraint, less-lethal force, and when necessary lethal force. â€Å"Police officers should use only the amount of force necessary to control an incident, effective arrest, or protect themselves or others from harm or death.† (National Institute of Justice) Unfortunately, at times there are some police officers have felt that they are above this rule and have used excessive force in unnecessary situations. This is a problem both ethically and lawfully. One of the most famous cases where use of force was abused is the Rodney Kin g beating, this case was national news. This case was a use of force that had accrued in California with the LAPD. Their Police Chief Charlie Beck is being accused of letting officers who have used excessive force go unpunished. It is important for all law enforcement officers to only use force when absolutely necessary and all verbal commands have been expired. In today’s society there is always someone watching and often with some type of recording device recording all actions of Law Enforcement to catch them in an unfavorable situation. Violating use of force protocol is unethical because it does harm to people who do not deserve it, it’s not just the physical damage it can do but the mental as well. It would also be viewed as unethical because it is not for the greater good or overall happiness of everyone. It also appears to makes the police officer look untrustworthy and uncontrollable. This was what happen in the case for Rodney King, who had beaten by three police officers while their supervisor watched. Unfortunately Mr. King was beaten with metal batons, stomped on, and kicked as he lay on the ground defenseless. King was being arrested after sending police on a high speed car chase, that could have injured many innocent bystanders, but that does not justify the actions that were taken upon him. While the officers were trying to arrest him, Mr. King had put up a fight, resisting arrest, so the Officers, shot him twice with a stun gun, unfortunately still he resisted. When he finally rose to his feet, t his is when the beatings began. Unfortunately for the Officers but fortunately for Mr. King, all of this was caught on tape. Even though it was apparent what the Officers had done to be unethical when the case went to trial all of the officers were found innocent. This verdict caused such outrage with many people who followed the case that soon after the verdict was announced riots erupted all over Los Angeles. This is a perfect example of society losing faith in our Criminal Justice System they see the proof of what the Officers had done wrong yet they hw were not held accountable for their actions. When things like this are released it makes our justice system look sloppy, unprofessional, and most importantly unethical. It is understandable that the officers were probably upset that King had sent them on a dangerous car chase and resisted arrest; however, once he was subdued they should have put the cuffs on him, and placed him in the police car, and take him away. Instead, it looks like these officers took out their frustrations on Rodney King brought justice they felt he deserved into the street without a judge or his peers or a right to a fair trial. This would be seen as unethical because it was not for the overall happiness of everyone, it did not do any good, and the officers did not follow by the rules. They took themselves and placed themselves above what society feels to be acceptable and they broke that trust. Another ethical case involving use of force is also in Los Angeles, California. This is a recent problem involving the Chief of Police Charlie Beck. Beck is being accused of not punishing police officers who have used excessive force. â€Å"Since Beck took over as chief in late 2009, the commission has ruled on about 90 incidents involving officers who fired weapons or used other deadly force. In almost all of them, Beck concluded the officers used force appropriately and urged the commission to clear them of wrongdoing. The board followed his guidance most of the time.† (Rubin) However, four shootings that involved three people being killed and another three wounded by gunfire the commission did not agree with the Chief. This did not persuade Beck to invoke punishment to the officers involved in the shootings. He agreed that one of the officers had been wrong in his choice to fire, but still did not punish him. The commission fears that the lack of punishment toward officers who use excessive force could be sending out the wrong message to members of the LAPD. I would agree with the commission that Beck is sending out the wrong message. If an officer is already lacking good moral judgment when faced with a dangerous situation they may over-react to it if they know there are no consequences for their actions. â€Å"Every day, law enforcement officers face danger while carrying out their responsibilities this is something they decided to do take an oath and are to abide by what they have been taught and represent. When dealing with a dangerous—or unpredictable—situation, police officers usually have very little time to assess it and determine the proper response.† (United) We can make sure that when faced with these situations police officers make the right decision through proper training. Such training could include knowing the Use of Force Model. As taught this model is a guide to what use of force actions are appropriate for each situation and should be carried out in such a manner. For example, if someone is assaultive (trying to cause bodily harm) the officer should use defense tactics to subdue the individual first trying all verbal communication before resulting in a physical altercation. Another training guide that is used is the Police Training Model, which w as created in 1999 by PERF and the Reno Police Department. This model â€Å"addresses the traditional duties of policing in the context of specific neighborhood problems and includes several segments on the use of force.† (United) It is very important for police officers to make ethical decisions while in the field. It is important because it is their duty to protect and serve. It is also important because we as citizens look up to law enforcement and if they are caught doing something unethical it can ruin the respect and trust we have in law enforcement. When faced with dangerous or a tough situation police officers need to be trained to quickly make the best and most ethical decision possible. Police officers like those who beat Rodney King should be punished and made an example of. It is not ethical to hurt someone just because you have the power to. â€Å"The criminal justice system is designed to enforce moral rules that have been written into the criminal law. Aristotle believed that justice consist of giving each person his or her due† [ (Jay.S, 2013) ]. Maybe the Police Officers in both cases felt they had to take on the ethical teachings of Aristotle. When looking at today’s society and if you go back as far as there is written proof the court systems and law enforcement rules and regulations have grown and developed into more evolved court system and law enforcement for society to follow. At one time it was not unethical to flogged or whip a person, this was to deter them from committing future crimes, this is where Officers like the ones in these cases may have gotten by with physical abuse and unnecessary of force. Fortunately for us as citizens we have constitutional rights and there are laws in place to protect us from unnecessary use of force and the citizens of The United States of America are allowed their freedom, a speedy trial among a group of their peers fair, representation and the right not to be harmed by those who hold authority by law in which they represent. We have ethical responsibility s citizens to follow the rules and regulation of our count try and they s Law Enforcement Officers have n ethical obligation to lead by example. References 1. Harari, O. (1993). Lessons from the Rodney King tape. Management Review, 82(8), 20. 2. Jay.S, A. (2013). Professional Ethics In Criminal Justice Being Ethical when no one is looking. 3rd edition. In A. Jay.S, Professional Ethics In Criminal Justice Being Ethical when no one is looking. 3rd edition (pp. 1-153). Upper Saddle River : Prentice Hall /Pearson. 3. Jefferis, E., Butcher, F., & Hanley, D. (2011). Measuring perceptions of police use of force. Police Practice & Research, 12(1), 81-96. doi:10.1080/15614263.2010.497656 National Institute of Justice. â€Å"Police Use of Force.† National Institute of Justice. Office of Justice Programs, 20 Jan. 2012. Web. 19 July. 2013. . 4. Matheson, V. A., & Baade, R. A. (2004). Race and Riots: A Note on the Economic Impact of the Rodney King Riots. Urban Studies (Routledge), 41(13), 2691-2696. doi:10.1080/0042098042000294628 5. Rubin, J. (2012, 04 16). Beck facing rare criticism Improper use of force is tolerated too often, police panel says. Retrieved from Los Angeles Times : http://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/16/local/la-me-beck-discipline-20120416 6. Rubin, Joel. â€Å"LAPD to Hold Meetings on Use-of-force Policies.† Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 10 Sept. 2012. Web. 21 July 2013. . 7. Stuart, F. (2011). Constructing Police Abuse after Rodney King: How Skid Row Residents and the Los Angeles Police Department Contest Video Evidence. Law & Social Inquiry, 36(2), 327-353. doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.2011.01234.x 8. United States Department of

Dixons Hrm Brief

Human Resource Management Functional Brief Dixons Group’s decision to reorientate the business around serving the customer has had far reaching implications for Human Resource Management (HRM). The emphasis on first-class customer service is intended to help Dixons differentiate itself from its online competitors. The decision to stress personal, face-to-face interactions is clearly something that online competitors will be unable to replicate and if this can be turned into a source of competitive advantage for the company then it represents a sound strategic move.The strategy does, however, hinge on Dixons being able to deliver this excellent customer service. The very face-to-face nature of service delivery means that it can only be provided through the employees of Dixons group which, in turn, means that human resource management is pivotal. This shift in emphasis is best illustrated by the two delivery drivers in the video of the customer plan who comment that when deliver ing goods ‘we shouldn’t just be saying â€Å"sign here† and then running off. We should give them [the customer] that experience’. http://www. dixonsretail. com/dixons/templates/modules/video. jsp) Aligning HRM strategy with this shift in business strategy has considerable implications for Dixons employees. With employee turnover at 15% – a low level for a retail organisation – the majority of employees affected by the change have spent time working under the previous system. This means that a significant amount of retraining is necessary to ensure that employees both know and are able to implement the new strategy.At the heart of the new strategy is the idea of solving problems for the customer. As Group Chief Executive, Sebastian James points out ‘When customers come in and say they want a television what they actually mean is that they want to do something – they want to watch the game, entertain the kids†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Traini ng Dixons staff to help solve the customers’ problems involves ensuring that they not merely have excellent product knowledge but also the know how to provide ancillary services around the product.Dixons achieves this through a mixture of techniques, for example workshops and e-learning. Techniques to help the employees remember the key features of particular products are also employed. Through a clear, customer orientated approach, Dixons hopes to be able to help solve their customers’ problems, rather than simply sell them a box. This training has cost Dixons a great deal of money, with all staff having been through at least three cycles of retraining.These efforts, however, appear to be bearing fruit with significantly improved customer advocacy measures. The percentage of customers who are ‘very likely to recommend’ Dixons has risen from 43% to 73% since 2010 (Dixons Annual Report and Accounts 2011/12, p. 9). The Dixons case illustrates how the alignme nt of business strategy with people strategy is important in achieving organisational objectives. The customer metrics appear to be improving and it will be interesting to see how this impacts on the financial performance of the business.

Gleaning Rich Insights from Works of Literature Tackling Fatherhood Essay

Reading works of literature by different authors on a common topic broadens our understanding about human nature, cultures and history. Poetry that expresses angsts and pangs, or exalt the beauty or of things around us, in forceful language or elevated style like the lyric poem, can be an enriching experience. Watching or reading a play can likewise be an inspirational experience. Indeed, there is a variety of meanings, sentiments, and even moral lessons that unravel to readers exploring poetry and play focused on a central unifying theme. This paper presents six types of fatherhood types as gleaned from five poems and one play: (a) the grieving father, (b) the despised father, (c) the hardworking but detached father, (d) the itinerant far-off dad, (e) the involved father, and (e) the deadbeat dad. The selected works of literature all say something about the human experience, motivation, and condition, with special focus on the overwhelming father-child bond. While all of them are created in thought-provoking manner and are replete with figurative language, taking the reader on a journey and letting various insights linger in the memory, they differ in their approaches. In effect, the different perspectives on fatherhood are crystallized into an integrated idea with a richer context. â€Å"On My First Son† by Ben Jonson has an opening line that reflects a father’s deep melancholy and anguish as he mourns what most people may consider to be their greatest loss: the death of one’s own child. When Jonson writes, â€Å"Farewell, thou child of my right hand, and joy† (Ciuraru 191), there is heartfelt grief as he shares a painful loss. The use of the word thou, oftentimes used in formal religious context as prayers, adds impact because it conjures an image of a father paying his last respects to his young son. The last few lines which echo the poet’s relief that his son has escaped the trials and tribulations of this world (Ciuraru 191) point to how the author attempts to soothe his intense pain and reflects his acceptance of his son’s fate as well. On the other hand, â€Å"Daddy† by Sylvia Plath speaks from a daughter’s point of view for a father who has passed away. It has a somber and dark mood and the feelings of intense hatred and betrayal are shown in the very selection of words and imagery. â€Å"Perhaps no poem is as explicit and powerful as Sylvia Plath’s `Daddy,’ which describes an idealized yet oppressive father, one whom the speaker rejects with a resounding, forceful brutality† (Ciuraru 14). Parental relations, as most psychoanalysts may confirm, carries over into one’s adult relationships, and this was clearly the case with Sylvia Plath. During her childhood, she lost her father, Otto Plath, to complications from surgery following a leg amputation (Martin, para. 1) and this, along with her memories of feeling smothered and betrayed, appeared to have left an imprint on her. Plath uses metaphors, notably a shoe to describe her father, and herself as the foot that is in some way trapped in the shoe, to express just how suffocated and oppressed she felt. As many who are familiar with Sylvia Plath’s life would know, the talented writer had a tumultuous relationship with her poet-husband Ted Hughes, and â€Å"personal jealousies, differences in American and British views of gender roles, and a return of Sylvia’s depression complicated the Plath-Hughes marriage† (Martin, para. 8) and she makes references to how her very life was sucked out of her the way a vampire drinks the blood of its captive, in her poem. In the 15th stanza, she states: If I’ve killed one man, I’ve killed two— The vampire who said he was you And drank my blood for a year, (Barnet 703) There are many other figures of speech, including similes, rhyming and tone, that helpfully lend emphasis and effectively transport readers to a time when people felt quite shackled by parental authority and were powerless to do something about it. Plath’s poem ends with a sense of closure, nonetheless, reflecting her resolve to take matters into her own hands. As for â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† by Robert Hayden, the specific use of figurative language effectively highlights the hardworking but detached type of father that many of us may be familiar with. Upon reading the poem in its entirety, one senses a certain remoteness shown by the father, or as perceived by the son from his father. The first line in the second stanza, which says: â€Å"I’d wake and hear the cold splintering, breaking† creates a mental picture in the reader’s mind, through poetic devices like rhyme and assonance or the use of long vowel sounds to slightly slow down the poem for emphasis. The reader also senses that cold refers not just to the weather but to the feeling that envelops the son as he rouses himself from slumber and faces his father. Hayden also places specific words at the beginning of his lines to give it focus and importance. The very last line in the poem which describes love as being austere is an indirect acknowledgment that love dwells even in a home where the patriarch rules in an authoritarian or a cold, forbidding way. The very first stanza also reveals that the father is very hardworking and sacrifices his own physical well-being for his family’s sake, but gets no appreciation for his efforts and dogged determination to carry out his parental duties. Another poem, â€Å"My Father in the Navy: A Childhood Memory† by Judith Ortiz Cofer speaks of a daughter’s longing for a father who is busy working in distant shores. The reader gleans how the poet’s career Navy father requires him to be apart from his family for considerable lengths of time. As such, the speaker in the poem aptly phrases the love, intense longing, as well as pride for the traveling father who looked â€Å"stiff and immaculate in the white cloth of his uniform and a round cap on his head like a halo† (Barnet 727) in such creative and vivid manner: His homecomings were the verses we composed over the years making up the siren’s song that kept him coming back from the bellies of iron whales and into our nights like the evening prayer. (Barnet 727) The author’s use of simile, personification and metaphor, among other literary devices, added to delivering a poem with grace and impact. The poem, in effect, strikes a resonant chord among readers who, at some point in their live, have had to be apart from a beloved father or father figure, and fully know what it is like to celebrate their return. The poem, â€Å"A Parental Ode to my Son, Aged Three Years and Five Months† by Thomas Hood conveys the vulnerability of the new and involved father. This special father-child bond is written about only on few occasions by a handful of writers seeking to dwell on such topic. The first few lines of the poem, which contains metaphors, mirrors the unrestrained happiness and amusement of the father for his toddler. His lines, like â€Å"Thou happy, happy elf!†¦ Thou tiny image of myself!†¦ Thou merry, laughing sprite! † (Klein 109) are punctuated by asides that let readers experience his joy. The poet also juxtaposes poetic verses with a very fatherly voice describing a much-loved child. Aside from the use of rhythm and rhyme, Thomas Hood likewise uses other figures of speech like similes and alliteration to express his terms of endearment for his young son. Another work of literature, the well-known â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller, has a common thread that ties it to the five poems explored in this paper, in that it revolves around the life and dreams of a main character who happens to be a father. Willy Lohan, the salesman, represents the dog-tired father who has worked all his life to provide for his family’s needs (Williams 51), and nurtures big dreams for his sons, but the demands of fatherhood have drained him. Though his mental faculties appear to be failing him and one of his sons tends to belittle him and finds him off-track, his all-consuming fatherly concern is unassailable. Referring to his son Biff, whom he mistakenly hopes will follow in his footsteps, Willy says, â€Å"That boy’s going to be magnificent† (Williams 79) reflecting a father’s immense pride and rosy hopes for his son, even if he had been a bum for years. Readers of the play, with its timeless theme of reaching for one’s dreams, will attest to the great impact of this piece of literature. As one of them said, â€Å"Reading drama was far more enigmatic than reading prose fiction† (Oates, par. 4). All the works of literature studied here contain immense value, not just for their stylistic accomplishments and the succinct voicing of themes that are usually treated in traditional or melodramatic fashion without the rich context. Compared to the portrayal of fathers in other non-literary media like movies or television, poetry and plays rely heavily on figurative language that help elevate the experience for readers, and underscore life lessons, while bringing to readers’ minds their own poignant family experiences. The language and literary devices contribute much to a broader understanding of the subject matter. Analyzing a group of poems and a play bordering on the same subject showed that gathering different points of view or interpretations, reflecting various angles, leads to a clearer and more comprehensive study. Works Cited Barnet, Sylvan, et al. An Introduction to Literature. 14th ed. New York: Longman, 2005. Ciuraru, Carmela, ed. Poems About Fathers.. New York: Random House, Inc. , 2007. Klein, Patricia, ed. Treasury of Year-round Poems. New York: Random House, Inc. , 2006. Martin â€Å"Two Views of Plath’s Life and Career–by Linda Wagner-Martin and Anne Stevenson. † Modern American Poetry Home. 1994. 11 May 2008 < http://www. english. uiuc. edu/maps/poets/m_r/plath/twoviews. htm>. Oates, Joyce Carol. â€Å"Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman: A Celebration. † Weblog entry. Celestial Timepiece: A Joyce Carol Oates Home Page. 11 May 2008 . Williams, Liza M. , and Kent Paul. Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman Book Notes. New York: Barron’s Educational Series, 1984.

Research Methods Db 2

Group Discussion Board Forum 1 – Part 1 1. Ch. 1 Q. 8  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ As area sales manager for a company manufacturing and marketing outboard engines, you have been assigned the responsibility of conducting a research study to estimate the sales potential of your products in the domestic (U. S. or Canadian) market. Discuss key issues and concerns arising from the fact that you, the manager, are also the researcher. A very important aspect of good research is for the researcher’s experience to be reflected (P. 17). The research has a greater chance of being successful if the researcher is experienced.Thus, as a manager the research process might be bias to the manager’s perception of the problem compared to the research problem. The inexperience as researcher will make it difficult to perform both roles effectively. Additionally, the manager might only analyze secondary data to obtain answers and rely on it for decision making. 2. Ch. 1 Q. 10- Apply the principles in Exhibit 1-4 to the research scenario in question 8. In order to apply the principles from Exhibit 1-4 to the scenario in question 8 we need to use the scientific method. a.Purpose clearly defined: The research study must present an estimate of the sales and marketing of the outbound engines in the market for the U. S and Canada. b. Research process detailed: First, the researcher presents a proposal and budget for approval. Then, the researcher presents weekly reports related to the progress of the research and also provides an estimated timeframe for completion. c. Research design thoroughly planned: The procedures are outlined. Once primary and secondary data is collected it needs to be analyzed for interpretation. d.Limitations frankly revealed: interpreted data about the size market for the outbound engine is compared to the desired procedure. e. Management Decision: The manager is presented with the information for decision making, after it has been analyzed, interpreted and c ompared. 3. Ch. 3 Q. 6- You observe the following condition: â€Å"Our female sales representatives have lower customer defections than do our male sales representatives. † a. Propose the concepts and constructs you might use to study this phenomenon. My proposal for the concepts is female sales representatives and male sales representatives.I would use customer defection as the construct for the research. b. How might any of these concepts and/or constructs be related to explanatory hypotheses? According to explanatory (casual) hypotheses, the independent variable needs to be the reason for the existence of the dependent variable (p73). Therefore, the skills of both male and female representatives are taken under consideration in this scenario. An example of this is that female sales representatives are naturally more skillful with establishing and maintaining relationships (IV), allowing them to have this advantage and have less customer defection (DV). . Ch. 3 Q. 8-  Ide ntify and classify all the variables in the Army’s dud shell research. I identify three variables (p. 62 & 67): 1. The dud shell as the independent variable because it can be manipulated 2. The exploding shell as the independent variable because is the one being monitored and 3. The people coming into contact with it as intervening variables because civilians were cracking the bombs open to obtain copper. 5. Ch. 4 Q. 4-  Confronted by low productivity, the president of Oaks International, Inc. asks a research company to study job satisfaction in the corporation.What are some of the important reasons that this research project may fail to make an adequate contribution to the solution of management problems? The low productivity in Oaks International Inc. presents a management dilemma to the president. The president has related this issue to the job satisfaction of the employees. Therefore, the management has decided to study job satisfaction only as the cause of low producti vity. Even though, this in fact has some influence in the productivity of employees, the study is already bias because all other factors of influence are being excluded.There may be other factors to consider that may be affecting low productivity such as machinery and equipment, technology, management, etc. This will eventually become a waste of time and resources if the results prove that job satisfaction is not the main cause of low productivity. Consequently, the management dilemma will not be resolved and more time and resources will need to be invested to find the real cause. 6. Ch. 4 Q. 5-  Based on an analysis of the last six months’ sales, your boss notices that sales of beef products are declining in your chain’s restaurants.As beef entree sales decline, so do profits. Fearing beef sales have declined due to several newspaper stories reporting E. coli contamination discovered at area grocery stores, he suggests a survey of area restaurants to see if the situ ation is pervasive. a. What do you think of this research suggestion? I think the research suggestion will be beneficial because it will reveal if the decline in consumption of beef as an entree is in fact caused by the concern of the E. coli. This survey will also allow comparing the competition and discovering their strategies or suggestions on how to survive this crisis.I also believe that the restaurant can introduce some new entrees that contain fish, chicken and even duck as an alternative to increase their sales and profits. b. How, if at all, could you improve on your boss’s formulation of the research question? I believe the study should include both external and internal factor. The survey to competitors would be considered an external factor, but including the customers, the preparation and presentation of their beef entrees can be considered internal factors.It has already been established that the people are already alarmed due to the several stories in the newsp apers about the E. coli. However, the restaurant can ask these frequent customers about their perception about the incident and even accept suggestions from them. This will allow the restaurant to get a clearer and direct answer to their dilemma. 7. Ch. 5 Q. 12- Develop the management-research question hierarchy (Exhibits 5-6 and 5-8), citing management dilemma, management question, and research question(s) for each of the following: a. he president of a home health care services firm. MD: The president receives many complains about the quality of health care services. MQ: What can be done in improve the quality of the health care services? RQ: Why are the services provided considered poor? In which specific areas of services do we get the most complains? What can be implemented or change to improve the services provided? b. The vice president of investor relations for an auto manufacturer. MD: The vice president experiences low productivity. MQ: What is causing low productivity?RQ: When did the company start to experience low productivity? Do we have up to date technology for production? How are the job conditions perceived by employees? c. The retail advertising manager of a major metropolitan newspaper. MD: The metropolitan newspaper is experiencing a decline in advertising sales. MQ: What can be done to increase the sales? RQ: Should the prices/rates for advertising in our newspaper be evaluated? When did sales start to decline? What methods can be implemented to increase the sales and attract more customers to advertise with newspaper? . The chief of police in a major city. MD: The chief of police has received several reports of increased crime in the city. MQ: What can be done to reduce crime in the city? RQ: Where are the majority of reports coming from? Which areas are being more affected? What group of people is the one being affected the most? What types of crimes have increased? How can we prepare and equip police officers to monitor these crimes an d areas? This is to be completed by 11:59 p. m. (ET) on Sunday.

buy custom Alcohol and Drug Treatments essay

buy custom Alcohol and Drug Treatments essay Arizona CASA/FCRB Training (2010) observes that judicial systems all over the world, especially in the United States of America have somewhat modest intermediate punishment for offense. Offenders are either offered routine probation that at times equates with obligatory supervision or incarcerated. Because the magnitude of the crimes committed do not fall into two neat partitions, sentencing options often errs in one way or another. The sentencing is either too soft, offering routine probation to individuals whose offenses and criminality call for stronger penalty or supervision or too harsh and putting those whose crimes do not guarantee behind the bars. Due to these realities, states have been encouraged to give sentencing alternatives, which punish without involving incarceration, a consideration. One of these alternatives is the drug courts. Drug Courts A drug court is a special court that is charged with the responsibility of handling cases concerning offenders of substance-abuse by comprehensive supervision, carrying out drug testing, offering treatment services and instantaneous incentives and sanctions. They offer a comprehensive, therapeutic and supportive approach as a substitute to traditional systems of prosecuting cases that involve offenders incriminated with substance abuse. The comprehensive approach gives the participants an all-embracing treatment program that takes into account a collaboration of treatment providers, judge, defense counsel, case managers and prosecutor with the judge working as both a leader of the group and a team member. To promote and encourage substance free behavior, they employ the use of a non-adversarial approach (Arizona CASA/FCRB Training, 2010). Goals of drug courts A drug court has its goals key among them being to stop substance abuse and the criminal activities related to it. They are unique and exceptional in the criminal justice system sector because for they develop a collaborative relationship between drug treatment professionals and the criminal justice (Berman Bergman, 2009). Benefits of a drug court There are many reasons for why drug courts are being advocated for instead of incarceration. First of all they have proved to decrease recidivism and stop relapse that goes a long way in reducing overcrowding in our overcrowded jails. Research and statistical evidence share this fact that drug courts have helped diminish criminal activities. For instance, a study conducted in 2008 by the school of social work of the University of Utah indicated that rates of recidivism for local drug court graduates stayed at a steady 7%. This is contrary to the statistics fromUS Justice Department which indicates that approximately 45 % of offenders who are jailed for similar offenses but have not been involved in drug court will relapse and commit another offense (Arizona CASA/FCRB Training, 2010). The rate of recidivism is yet higher, at 60%, among offenders jailed for their convictions. It is very clear that decreased recidivism decreases overcrowding in jails. Berman Bergman (2009), assert that secondly drug courts helps to save tax-payers money hence the savings can be channeled for other developments. For instance, to treat one drug court offender, it costs about $7 a day. This figure is far much cheaper compared to $50 that is used to incarcerate one offender in a state prison. This can be witnessed by Arizona State which has realized major financial benefits of the drug court program. it is estimated that the total amount that was saved by Maricopa County was $ 129, 347.40 in the year 2001 due to avoiding incarceration. There are significant public health gains brought about by drug courts. According to the US Department of Justice, more than 500 drugs free babies are reported to have been delivered to participants (female) of drug court after being enrolled in the program. Other programs like alumni support groups also reiterate long-term success and provide participants with tools and experience needed to reconstruct their lives (Steinberg, 2010). Drug courts also offer vocational training and/or education opportunity to participants that help to reduce the call for public assistance while at the same time equipping them self sufficiency skills. Lastly, adoption of a life style that is drug-free and breaking addiction cycle has indicated reduced hospital, medical and emergency room costs (Berman Bergman, 2009). Eligibility and qualification It should be noted that drug courts program is voluntary and open to any one meeting the eligibility prerequisites. Offenders eligible for this program must be charged with an offense that is eligible for probation. Secondly they must not be having any prior felony arrests for a sexual offense or violent crime (Arizona CASA/FCRB Training, 2010). At the same time, the offenders should not be having any pending felony charge other than being a legal residence of the area. Lastly, they must be willing to take part in all features of the Drug Court program. Similar programs There is a number of other alternative sentencing/ intermediate sanctions programs (ISPs) that seek to reduce the rate of incarceration. Among them, the most popular one are house arrests, electronic monitoring, parole (intensive probation), boot camps, community service, day reporting centers and parole caseloads (Berman Bergman, 2009). Electronic monitoring and house arrest House arrest program is where by offenders are legally demanded to stay in their residences for the period of the sentence. They may be permitted to leave their houses for employment and medical reasons. This may be enforced by utilizing electronic supervision which entails use of electronic monitoring devices. According to research, electronic supervision is an effective approach for alternative sentence as those who serve under it experience very low rates of recidivism 0f between 11-12 % (Arizona CASA/FCRB Training, 2010). Day reporting centers and Residential community corrections programs These are program that sentence offenders to serve their punishment in small housing facilities that are run by private agencies but with the permission from the courts. Residents are at times allowed to attend treatment and work during the day and go back to the facility at night (Steinberg, 2010). Day reporting centers usually do not stay with offenders overnight. Studies have indicated that is alternative approach helps to reduce the rates of relapse and recidivism. Parole (Intensive Supervision Probation) This is presently the most popular intermediate sanction program. The programs are available in all fifty states of the United States of America because of their success. Offenders who are sentenced to parole system are monitored closely on small caseloads where they normally perform community work, pay restitution to victims; additionally they must hand in random alcohol and urine testing, be working, pay the fee for probation/parole. Researches indicate that the program is a great success and it helps to restore justice and harmony between the offenders, victims and the community. More that 80% of those under this program do not commit similar crimes again (Berman Bergman, 2009). Conclusion Drug courts have offered a helpful mode of alternative sentencing in the criminal judicial systems. Through handling cases concerning offenders of substance-abuse by comprehensive supervision, carrying out drug testing, offering treatment services and instantaneous incentives and sanctions, these courts have helped to reduce the rates of recidivism and relapse. Consequently overcrowding in the jails has considerably reduced and the federal state has saved a lot of tax-payers money. This is as good as saying that alternative sentencing is far much better that incarceration that only seeks to spend a lot of money on some offenders who could have better been subjected to intermediate sentencing programs. Buy custom Alcohol and Drug Treatments essay

Sense and Sensibility

Sense and Sensibility Sense and Sensibility Sense and Sensibility By Mark Nichol This post lists and defines words derived from the Latin verb sentire, meaning â€Å"feel† or â€Å"perceive.† The direct descendant of sentire is sense, which means â€Å"be or become conscious of† or â€Å"comprehend† or â€Å"detect.† As a noun, the word has a more extensive set of definitions- it can pertain to awareness; intelligence; conveyed or intended meaning; and the faculty or function of perceiving through sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. (The word also pertains, less directly, to the capacity to appreciate validity or wisdom, as in â€Å"That makes sense,† or an overall feeling about a mood or a trending opinion, as in â€Å"The sense among the committee members was favorable.†) As used often in these posts, the word also pertains to the various meanings of a word depending on connotation. A sensation is an awareness, feeling, or state of consciousness, or something that is the cause of such; by extension, the word applies to excitement or to someone or something that causes excitement, such as a particularly successful theatrical production or extremely talented athlete or performer; the adjectival form is sensational, and sensationally is the adverbial form. The adjective also pertains to an appeal to emotional reactions, as in the case of publicizing gossip. Sensationalism is the use of subject matter or communication techniques for this purpose; sensationalist is the noun form as well as one adjectival form; the other is sensationalistic. In addition, the adjective sensate describes something that relates to the senses (the adverbial form is sensately), while its antonym, insensate, along with the corresponding adverbial form, refers to a lack of awareness or to brutality or foolishness. The adjective sensory refers to the faculties of the senses, as do sensual and sensuous, though those terms are more often employed in reference to gratification of the senses, especially in terms of sexuality. The respective noun forms are sensuality and sensuousness. Assent and consent both mean â€Å"agreement† or â€Å"approval,† but the former is used in the context of an idea or a suggestion, while consent applies to permission; the distinction can also be expressed as pertaining to judgment or understanding on the one hand and feelings or the will on the other. Both words also serve as verbs as well as nouns; in addition, one who assents is an assenter (or assentor), while consenter is a noun and the adverbial form is consentingly. The adjective consenting is used in the phrase â€Å"consenting adults† in the context of freedom to engage in acts or behaviors as long as other participants are willing partners, while â€Å"age of consent† pertains to the age at which a person is legally considered an adult and is entitled to make decisions about personal behavior. Consensus is a general agreement or solidarity; the adjective, consensual, refers to mutual consent in any endeavor but often pertains to sexual behavior. Dissent is a noun and a verb referring to disagreement or, less often, withholding of approval; it is often employed in the context of a judicial panel, though on a larger scale it pertains to deviation from political or religious ideas. One who dissents is a dissenter, and the term is often capitalized in historical references to various groups of people who did not conform with orthodox religion. Insense is occasionally used in British English to mean â€Å"inform† or â€Å"instruct† or â€Å"impress with an idea†; incense is unrelated. To resent is to feel annoyed or envious; the feeling is resentment. Nonsense refers to words or other communication that does not convey any ideas or meaning or that is absurd, impudent, or trivial; the adjectival and adverbial forms are nonsensical and nonsensically. (Nonsense, as well as antisense and missense, is also used in genetics in reference to coding.) Sensible means â€Å"rational† or â€Å"reasonable,† â€Å"aware,† â€Å"conscious,† â€Å"perceptible,† and â€Å"receptive†; additional meanings are â€Å"convinced† and â€Å"practical,† and the noun form is sensibility. Sensitive shares the meaning of â€Å"receptive† and is a synonym for sensory, but it also applies to restricted information or to issues that require caution or tact, and it often applies to susceptibility to differences or fluctuations or to delicate emotions. Extrasensory is an adjective pertaining to perception of stimuli outside the five physical senses and usually applies to clairvoyance, precognition, and telepathy. Multisensory applies to something involving several of the senses, while multisense pertains to multiple meanings. Sensorium, meanwhile, denotes the areas of the brain associated with receiving and interpreting stimuli; the plural is formed as sensoriums or sensoria. Sensurround, a trademark for a sound system used in movie theaters, is a combination of sense and surround. Common sense is the ability to behave with good judgment and think and make prudent decisions; the usual adjectival form is commonsense, but variations include commonsensical and commonsensible, and commonsensically is the adverbial form. â€Å"Horse sense† is a synonym for â€Å"common sense,† based either on the notion that people who handle horses are attuned to them or on the behavioral qualities of horses. Words descended from sentire that writers may not associate with feeling and perception include sentence, which (from the notion of expressing a feeling or an opinion) denotes either a self-contained syntactical unit or an analogous mathematical expression or a legal judgment or the punishment stemming from such a judgment; sentence is also a verb in the legal sense, referring to the action of imposing a legal judgment or, by extension, causing one or more people to experience suffering. Another such word is sentient, meaning â€Å"aware† or â€Å"conscious of or responsive to stimuli,† or, less commonly, â€Å"acutely perceptive.† The adverbial form is sentiently, and the quality is sentience. A sentiment is an emotion or feeling, an opinion or a thought based on feeling, or the emotional subtext of a thought, statement, or passage. To be sentimental, meanwhile, is to be influenced by feelings or governed by emotion rather than reason or thought; the adverbial form is sentimentally. The word can have a negative connotation pertaining to an excess of emotion; the noun form for this sense is sentimentality. A sentinel is a guard or someone or something suggestive of a guard; the synonym sentry is perhaps a truncation of sentinel, though it may be derived from sanctuary. Scent also stems from sentire; it means â€Å"odor† but also refers to the sense of smell or the power of detecting an odor and, by extension, a course of discovery or pursuit, or an inkling. Scent is also a synonym for perfume and, by extension, refers to any mixture used to lure fish or game. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in SConnotations of 35 Words for Funny PeopleThe Difference Between "Shade" and "Shadow"

Ancient war ships and Ancient merchant ships essays

Ancient war ships and Ancient merchant ships essays Before there were ships, man had been using boats for many centuries before them. The earliest ships date from about before 3000 B.C. Ancient warships and ancient merchant vessels were made quite differently. Their basic structure, shape and method of propulsion were different. The reason for theyre being that way was that they served different purposes. Warships were clearly constructed mainly for raiding or defending their territory. Merchant ships on the other hand were made for transporting cargo. The ships were made using various shapes and sizes .Yet some materials remained the same, like hulls were always made of linen. With time, the purpose of the ship changed its physical appearance and its method of propulsion. Ancient warships and ancient merchant vessels slowly evolved over time, though in completely different directions. Merchant ships were developed differently than warships because they had to be cost effective and be able to stay at sea for long durations of time. They of course were bigger because more room was needed for storing cargo. The ships transported grain, olive oil, pottery, wine, and luxury items such as silk and spices. These were all important trading goods. The ships usually traveled at a very low speed of two miles per hour. The ships were slow because they had to rely on the wind for movement since they used sails and not oars. Sails have been from around 3000 B.C. Some problems occurred for ancient explorers if they had a ship limited to just sails, like when they were in a situation with no wind or needed rowing power. But it did work out a lot cheaper that way since there was no cost for men to row the oars. Still the plus point was that the ships were able to travel relatively long distances. Warships were generally long and narrow vessels. This shape was more practical for its purpose. These ships mostly did not use sails but used oars instead. Oars became common only after 3...

Management Essays

Management Essays Management Essay Management Essay THE ROLE OF PROJECT PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT IN INCREASING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A PROJECT PORTFOLIO Name Institution Date THE ROLE OF PROJECT PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT IN INCREASING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A PROJECT PORTFOLIO Introduction The issue of whether project managers should adopt project portfolio management in the management of multiple projects or not has raised a lot of debates in organizations. It is evident that project managers find it difficult to manage multiple projects on their own without the help of project portfolio management which provides the capacity needed to effectively handle multiple projects. Some company executives insist that portfolio managers are not necessary and yet this not the case. Companies initiate multiple projects each and every day with high performance standards. Project managers do not have the capacity to coordinate and control multiple projects in a project portfolio without the help of project portfolio management (Mahajan 2009, p. 78). Project portfolio management is a new concept in project management that is yet to fully explored and utilized by many organizations. The effectiveness of a project portfolio can not be achieved without the expertise of a portfolio manager. The effectiveness of a project portfolio is very vital when an organization wants to meet its organizational and financial goals (Mahajan 2009, p. 134). Some project managers feel that their job is threatened with the introduction of project portfolio management. This is not the case because project portfolio management is only meant to complement the work of a project manager. This position paper will discuss why it is necessary for an organization to adopt project portfolio management when handling multiple projects. Project portfolio management plays a critical role in increasing the efficiency of a project portfolio. On the other hand, this tool is not willing to set quantitative goals for the work force. Sarans approach is assuring and quantifying everything from conformance to injury due to product hazards to the COO. Crosby interest area is more likely motivational. Both Deeming Curran and Crosby thinks that upper management is responsible for the quality. Even upper management is playing important role for all of those three approaches, a central role for quality professionals that assists upper management with planning, measurement and problem solving is seen by Deeming. According to Deeming, the relationship between workers and management is very important and thinks that the workers would be responsible for problem solving if they are trained well. Crosby thinks that training and motivating workers are important as well. However, he stresses that instead of solving problems themselves, workers more likely should share the issues with the upper management. Deeming and Crosby essentially get along with the need for the ongoing pursuit zero defect as a target. On the other hand, according to COO concept of Curran , it is suggested to companies that it is increasingly highly priced to take the final steps to perfection. 2. Statistical process control: Deeming suggested to distinguish twine systematic and special causes and for this he use SSP as a key. His SSP is model very valuable in some specific cases for example for the productions performed in large volumes whereas it is not so usable for low- volume products or customized products. Sarans proposed approach for reaching and maintaining minimum cost of quality breakthrough projects, the control sequence and annual quality programs. The breakthrough and control processes are needed good analysis and statistic abilities and because of this Curran claims that Quality Control Engineers are needed for this aim. He also sees annual quality program as a major path for involvement of top management. Crosby thinks that via cost of quality measures and the management maturity grid ,it would be possible to help managers understanding the size Of their issues. The management maturity grid which is used for self assessment identifies. 3. Implementation of quality improvement contains wide investment which will cost to Money and expertise. These programs are hard to implement and in my opinion company culture which is formed by the tradition of the country is one of the reason. Another reason that makes implementation harder could be goal conflict between internal departments of the company. However if Crosby approach and Deeming philosophy is compared, it can be seen that Crosby approach is more easily fit into the company and has less implementation problems faced in implementing Deeming philosophy. However Crosby approach itself has problems such as being not acceptable worldwide or being that popular. 4. All three experts reject inspection as a means of securing superior quality since they think that inspection is equal to planning for defects. The reason that the idea of quality as policeman is hard to change is resistance to change and lack of awareness for other methods for quality improvement. It should be solved by the right approach of the management. 5. The strengths of Deeming approach can be counted as: 1. Demises 14 points plan for TTS 2. Internal and external motivation and leadership are accepted as important. Deeming cycle- PDA. Supplying a systematic and functional logic 5. Statistic theory application. Main weaknesses Demises approach can be seen as issues with Deeming Cycle, the deadly diseases and obstacles, and others inconveniences like the action plan and methodological principles can be not clear. The strengths Of the Crosby can be counted as:1. Most of Crosby theories applied for the work gets successful result because it is easy to follow 2. Four absolutes of quality . 3. Crosby 14 Steps to Quality Improvement 4. Step quality methodology 5. Recognizes workers and worker participation is valuable. 6. Good on explaining the realities of quality and motivating the workers. On the other hand, weaknesses for Crosby approach can be seen as following: Insufficient importance given to statistical methods. Zero Defects sometimes are seen as risk avoidance Sarans approach strengths: continuous improvement of quality in every level of the organization well structured methodology which lets the companies that implement easier. Sarans approach weaknesses: A trained person with knowledge in statistical for the quality control may be needed Sarans approach results in a long term which may cause a risk for the company because the implementation of the quality program can be concluded as time, money and resources waste.